In the intricate tapestry of jazz music, chord progressions serve as the backbone, providing structure and direction to improvisation and composition alike. Among the plethora of chord progressions used in jazz, two stand out as foundational pillars: the ii-V-I and the I-vi-ii-V. Let’s take a look at these common chord progressions, exploring their nuances, variations, and practical applications in standard jazz tunes.
The Most Common Chord Progression: The ii-V-I
The ii-V-I progression is arguably the most essential chord sequence in jazz. It consists of three chords: the supertonic (ii), dominant (V), and tonic (I). Each chord serves a distinct function, with the dominant chord (V) creating tension that resolves to the tonic (I). This harmonic tension and release give the ii-V-I progression its characteristic sound of forward motion and resolution. Jazz standards like Joseph Kosma’s Autumn Leaves
and Erroll Garner’s Misty
…along with so many others, prominently feature the ii-V-I progression, making it a must-know for any aspiring jazz musician. To master this progression, focus on internalizing each chord’s function and practicing different voicings and inversions.
The I-vi-ii-V Progression
Building upon the foundation of the ii-V-I, the I-vi-ii-V progression expands the harmonic palette by adding the tonic (I) chord and the submediant (vi) chord. This progression maintains the essence of the ii-V-I while introducing subtle variations that add color and depth to jazz compositions. While the I-vi-ii-V progression includes the ii-V, it offers greater flexibility in harmonic movement, allowing for more creative expression. Jazz standards such as Jerome Kern’s I’m Old Fashioned
and Rogers’ and Hart’s I Could Write A Book
… and, yes, many others, exemplify the versatility and beauty of the I-vi-ii-V progression. You’ll certainly want to experiment with different chord voicings and substitutions to fully explore the harmonic possibilities of this progression.
It should probably be mentioned that the I-vi-ii-V, more often than not, resolves to a I chord – therefore, the ii-V-I is present in such cases. This is evidenced in the above example of I’m Old Fashioned.
Variations: I-#Idim-ii-V and I – VI – ii – V
Variations like the I-#Idim-ii-V and I – VI – ii – V offer intriguing alternatives to the traditional I-vi-ii-V progression. The I-#Idim-ii-V progression introduces a diminished chord (#Idim) between the tonic (I) and supertonic (ii), adding a touch of chromaticism and tension to the progression. Similarly, the I – VI – ii – V progression (note the upper case VI) substitutes the dominant chord for the minor, creating a stronger resolution to the ii chord.
Substituting One Progression For Another
It may be of interest to know that any of these progressions can often be substituted for another. This will depend on the melody itself and your preference as a performer. For example, the vi chord in the first measure of I’m Old Fashioned (above) can be replaced with the VI (dominant 7) chord for added resolution to the ii chord:
Practical Application and Practice Tips
To effectively incorporate common chord progressions into your playing, it’s essential to develop strong ear training and chord recognition skills. Practice playing chord progressions in different keys and tempos, and listen actively to jazz recordings to internalize the sound and feel of each progression. Additionally, focus on connecting chord tones smoothly and melodically during improvisation, rather than merely playing the changes. A program like TV Tips can be helpful, as you’ll learn some interesting concepts that can be applied as you make your way through these progressions. Remember that mastery takes time and patience, so be persistent in your practice and remain open to new musical ideas and concepts. Above all else, enjoy every step of the way.
Common chord progressions form the foundation of jazz harmony, providing a framework for improvisation, composition, and musical expression. By mastering the ii-V-I and I-vi-ii-V progressions, along with their variations, you’ll unlock a world of harmonic possibilities and creative potential in your jazz playing. So, sit at that piano or keyboard of yours, relax, and delve into these chord progressions as you let the music guide you on your journey through the rich and vibrant landscape of jazz.